LEAD-ACID BATTERY TROUBLES SUMMARIZED

A. Lack of Gassing

^{Lack of gassing while on charge may indicate an internal
short between plates, while internal short is mainly caused by serious
sulfaction.}

B. Specific Gravity or Voltage

^{Specific gravity or voltage of a cell lower than other cellsmay
indicate excessive internal losses and may result from consistent undercharing,
which cause the lead sulfate accumulation, finally cause capacity loss
and even "dead" of all cells.}

C. Plate Problems

^{Lead sulfate accumulation on the plate may cause Cracks on
the edges of the positive plate grids, Excessive sediment in the bottom
of the case and "Mossing" or "Treeing" on the tops of negative plates,
and then lead the battery "dead".}

D. Water

^{Sulfation may prevent battery from accepting enough charging,
and then higher current may be applied, so it lead high operating temperatures,
exess charging rates or leaking cell, which cause excessive water use and
even dry-out of fatal damage.}

E. Buckling of plates

^{Buckling of positive plates indicates excessive sulfation
caused by undercharging or excessive temperature. Serious buckling plate
problem might cause irrevocable damage to internal configuration of the
battery.}

F. Failure to Supply Rated Ampere-Hour Loads

^{Failure to supply rated ampere hours indicates discharged
condition, excessive sulfation or loss of active material from positive
plates. Cells may be worn out or active material be gone from positive
plates.}